Table of Contents
Introduction:
The amount of traffic carried over a certain transport route in a given unit of time is usually computed by dividing total ton-miles or passenger miles by the length of route Speed, flow and volume are the most important elements of the traffic flow. In this study, the speed-density regression models are compared between congested city roads and the tolled highway based on traffic flow data.
A reliable traffic flow monitoring and traffic analysis approach has been proposed in this paper. The exponential increase in traffic density at urban intersections in the past few decades has raised precious and challenging demands for computer vision algorithms and technological solutions. The focus of this paper is to suggest a statistical-based approach to determine the traffic parameters at heavily crowded urban intersections.
In recent years, traffic congestion has become a significant problem. The simplest solution is to lay more lanes to reduce traffic density, but adding more lanes is not a feasible solution on account of time, cost, and efficient utilization of the infrastructure. Also, the use of surveillance cameras by law enforcement agencies is on the rise. Automatic traffic monitoring and surveillance are important for road usage and management. Traffic parameter estimation has been an active research area for the development of Intelligent Transportation systems (ITS). For ITS applications traffic information needs to be collected and distributed. Various sensors have been employed to estimate traffic parameters for updating traffic information. Magnetic loop detectors have been the most used technologies, but their installation and maintenance are inconvenient and might become incompatible with future ITS infrastructure. Traffic sensors have been developed from a rich array of technologies such as video, radar, magnetic, and acoustics. It is well-recognized that vision-based camera systems are more versatile for traffic parameter estimation. In addition to a qualitative description of road congestion, image measurement can provide a quantitative description of traffic status including speeds, vehicle counts, etc…
Block diagram explanation :
Power supply unit:
This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power supplies.
Microcontroller:
The 89C51 Microcontroller is the heart of this project. It is the chip that processes the User Data and executes the same. The software inherited in this chip manipulates the data and sends the result for visual display.
The general definition of a microcontroller is a single-chip computer, which refers to the fact that they contain all of the functional sections (cpu, ram, rom, i/o, ports, and timers) of a traditionally defined computer on a single integrated circuit. Some experts even describe them as special-purpose computers with several qualifying distinctions that separate them from other computers.
Features Of Microcontroller :
- 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
- Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
- Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
- Three-level Program Memory Lock
- 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
- 32 Programmable I/O Lines
- Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Buffers:
Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1 input results in a logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input results in a logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drive at the output but can also be used to regularize the logic present at an interface.
Drivers:
This section is used to drive the relay where the output is the complement of the input which is applied to the drive but the current will be amplified.
Relays:
It is an electromagnetic device that is used to drive the load connected across the relay and the o/p of the relay can be connected to the controller or load for further processing.
Indicator:
This stage provides a visual indication of which relay is actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
Traffic lights
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals,traffic lamps, signallights, stop lights, and robots, also known technically as traffic control signals are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London and are now used all over the world.
IR Transmitter & Receiver :
Infrared (IR) transmitters and receivers are present in many different devices, though they are most commonly found in consumer electronics. The way this technology works is that one component flashes an infrared light in a particular pattern, which another component can pick up and translate into an instruction. These transmitters and receivers are found in remote controls and all different types of devices, such as televisions and DVD players. Peripheral devices that include this technology can also allow a computer to control various other consumer electronics. Since infrared remotes are limited to line-of-sight operation, some products can be used to extend the signals over a hardwired line or radio frequency (RF) transmissions.
Seven-Segment Display:
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of an electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays
Methodology:
The traffic density analyzer cum controller with VIP/ Ambulance project is developed to which can alleviate the calibration problems of the current traffic flow models.
The main modules in this project are IR transmitters and receivers, Microcontroller, and Seven Segment Display.
The IR transmitter and receiver detect the movements of the vehicle and increase the traffic count if the vehicle is moving into the lane or decrease the traffic count if the vehicle is going out of the lane and displays the percentage of traffic on the Seven Segment Display.
The monitoring of the Lanes will start from the 1st lane and then will move clockwise like the 2nd and 3rd Lanes.
The VIP/Ambulance vehicle can check traffic in the lane with the help of a display and they can change the Lane according to their requirement.
Advantages:
- Avoids waste of time due to the traffic
- Fully automatic
- Low power consumption
- It provides easy access to the traffic light
- Low cost to design the circuit, maintenance of the circuit is good
- By using this microcontroller IC we can create much more control over the appliances
- Easy convenience to handle.
Disadvantages:
- One-time investment cost.
- It has to be planted throughout the city.
Applications:
- The project is mainly used in the traffic signals
- It is a boon to automobiles so there are many advantages
- It can be implemented in some other areas where we need wireless transmission
- It is implemented in the traffic signals also for monitoring the vehicles if there is any misuse it will automatically know.
