Table of Contents
Introduction:
AGRICULTURE uses 85% of available freshwater resources worldwide, and this percentage will continue to be dominant in water consumption because of population growth and increased food demand. There is an urgent need to create strategies based on science and technology for the sustainable use of water, including technical, agronomic, managerial, and institutional improvements. There are many systems to achieve water savings in various crops, from basic ones to more technologically advanced ones. For instance, in one system plant water status was monitored and irrigation was scheduled based on the canopy temperature distribution of the plant, which was acquired with thermal imaging. Irrigation systems can also be automated through information on the volumetric water content of soil, using dielectric moisture sensors to control actuators and save water, instead of a pre-determined irrigation schedule at a particular time of the day and with a specific duration. An irrigation controller is used to open a solenoid valve and apply watering to bedding plants (impatiens, petunia, salvia. when the volumetric water content of the substrate drops below a set point
Block diagram explanation :
Power supply unit:
This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power supplies.
Indicator:
This stage provides a visual indication of which relay is actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
Grippometer:
IC LM3914. It is a monolithic integrated circuit with 10 active low outputs that can drive 10 LEDs directly without a current-limiting resistor. The internal circuitry of the IC adjusts the current passing through the LEDs. The input of LM 3914 is very sensitive and its outputs 18 – 10 sinks current one by one as the input receives an increment of 125 million volts.
Opto-coupler IC MCT2E:
Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. logic 1 input results in logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input results in logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drives at the output and are used in interfacing applications. This 6-pin DIL packaged IC MCT 2E acts as Buffer as well as Isolator. The input signals may be of 2.5 to 5V digital TTL compatible or DC analog the IC gives 5V constant signal output. The IC acts as an isolator and provides isolation to the main circuit from varying input signals. The working voltage of the IC is fed at pin-5 and input to pin-1. The pin-2 is ground and pin-4 is output. Note that pin-3 and pin-6 are not available pins, which must be left free. And the isolated circuit must have its ground connection.
The Opto-coupler IC has a photodiode that illuminates whenever the input signal appears at pin-1. A phototransistor, whose Base-lead is open, receives the signal from the blinking photodiode and passes it intact to the output pin-4. As this switching action is very fast, in terms of microseconds, the signal transfer is successfully done without any delay and signal loss. As there is any physical contact between the photodiode and phototransistor is observed, it is used for isolating two sections of the circuit. Especially the delicate digital circuits or signal-sensitive stages whose output is supposed to drive a fluctuating stage or mains-operated load.
Methodology:
This project is mainly designed to solve the problems of the farmers. In the Soil’s moisture content will be very less or more the moisture sensor probe will sense and fed to the Grippometer and then given to the opto coupler, which acts as an interfacing device. The output of the opto coupler is given to the output load LED which is for indication.
Advantages:
- Production is increased because there are no dry periods in the root zone during the warmer peak growth times.
- Water use and environmental damage are minimized.
- Through our gadget Intelligent Irrigation encourages peak growing conditions by holding the balance of soil moisture, nutrients, and air constant at optimum growing conditions, despite variations in plant usage and conditions such as wind and temperature.
Disadvantages:
Sensor failure can cause problems.
Applications:
- Military operations in scenarios of the battlefield, urban combat, and force protection, with tasks of presence, intrusion, ranging, imaging, detection of chemical, toxic material, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive
- For health care purposes monitoring, alerting, assistance, and actuating with security and privacy to support.
- Vital sign monitoring, such as ECG, heart rate, and body temperature, has been integrated into hospitals and homes through wearable or e-textile providing reports and alerts to personnel in case of emergency and tracking the location of patients within the hospital limits
- It can be used in fields, gardens, and greenhouse models.
