Table of Contents
Introduction:
In this system, we present an empirical study of human movement detection and identification using PIR-based modules having two pairs of orthogonally-aligned PIR sensors. We have developed a data collection module consisting of two pairs of PIR sensors whose dual sensing elements are orthogonally aligned and Fresnel lenses are modified to narrow the field of view of the PIR sensors to its horizontal motion plane, a data logger, op-amp circuits, and a rechargeable battery. We have placed three PIR-based modules in a hallway for monitoring people; one PIR-based module is placed on the ceiling; two PIR-based modules are placed on opposite walls facing each other. We have collected a data set from eight experimental subjects when walking in three different conditions: two directions (back and forth), three distance intervals (close to one wall sensor, in the middle, close to the other wall sensor), and three-speed levels (slow, moderate, fast). We have employed two types of feature sets: a raw data set and a reduced feature set composed of amplitude and time to peaks; and passage duration extracted from each PIR sensor. We have performed classification analysis according to various configurations, including the number of modules involved (ceiling-mounted module vs. wall-mounted modules), the number of PIR sensors involved (a single PIR sensor, a pair of PIR sensors orthogonally aligned, and two pairs of PIR sensors orthogonally aligned), the feature set (raw data set vs. reduced feature set) and well-known machine learning algorithms, including instance-based learning and support vector machine.
Block diagram explanation :
Power supply unit:
This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power supplies.
Buffers:
Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1 input results in a logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input results in a logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drive at the output but can also be used to regularize the logic present at an interface.
Drivers:
This section is used to drive the relay where the output is the complement of input which is applied to the drive but the current will be amplified.
Relays:
It is an electromagnetic device that is used to drive the load connected across the relay and the o/p of the relay can be connected to the controller or load for further processing.
Indicator:
This stage provides a visual indication of which relay is actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
MSP 430 Controllers:
he MSP430 is a mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments. Built around a 16-bit CPU, the MSP430 is designed for low-cost and, specifically, low-power consumption embedded applications.
Methodology:
When somebody moves the PIR sensor, there is a temperature change which is collected by the PIR sensor and then given to the buffer IC 4050, buffer stores and given to the driver IC 2003 driver current will amplifies and voltage will invert with the help of Darlington circuit of driver IC to drive the relay. Then the signal is given to the output load to turn ON the Lights.
When a person comes & enters the password, the key inputs are given to the MSP430 controller. The controller checks the password and if the password is correct then the controller generates the output given to the driver IC 2003 in driver current will amplifies and the voltage will invert with the help of the Darlington circuit of the driver IC to drive the relay. Then the signal is given to the output load to open the door.
Advantages:
- Unnecessary wastage of electricity can be controlled to a greater extent.
- Maximum power can be saved.
- Electrical safety is designed to prevent device damage & electrical shocks.
- Selectable Sensitivity, Sensitivity can be adjusted to match installation requirements.
Disadvantages:
In this project usage of relays leads to consuming more power.
Applications:
- Building smart environments.
- Healthcare.
- Smart energy system.
- Security.
