Table of Contents
Introduction:
Normally at railway platforms, whether the train is present or not, unnecessarily all lights in the platforms are glowing. In the present system, there is a lot of waste of energy. Maximum energy is wasted at the time when no train is present on the platform. To minimize this wastage the following system is being created which can help a great deal in saving energy.
Block diagram explanation :
Power supply unit:
This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power supplies.
Counter:
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device that stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.
Buffers:
Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1 input results in a logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input results in a logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drive at the output but can also be used to regularize the logic present at an interface.
Microcontroller:
The 89C51 Microcontroller is the heart of this project. It is the chip that processes the User Data and executes the same. The software inherited in this chip manipulates the data and sends the result for visual display.
The general definition of a microcontroller is asingle-chip computer, which refers to the fact that they contain all of the functional sections (cpu, ram, rom, i/o, ports, and timers) of a traditionally defined computer on a single integrated circuit. Some experts even describe them as special-purpose computers with several qualifying distinctions that separate them from other computers.
Features Of Microcontroller :
- 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
- Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
- Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
- Three-level Program Memory Lock
- 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
- 32 Programmable I/O Lines
- Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Drivers:
This section is used to drive the relay where the output is the complement of input which is applied to the drive but the current will be amplified.
Relays:
It is an electromagnetic device that is used to drive the load connected across the relay and the o/p of the relay can be connected to the controller or load for further processing.
Indicator:
This stage provides a visual indication of which relay is actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
Ultrasonic sensors:
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Active ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic sensors are microphones that detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions.
Methodology:
The daylight sensor is used to activate the LED sets depending on the impact of the natural light. When the nighttime light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently, the LED set will be turned ON. However, when in the daytime light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls, and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The LED set will be turned OFF. An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect a crowd of people.
Advantages:
- In general mode, the power savings is about 50%.
- In dim mode, it is about 35%.
- The utilization of energy is optimized using this technology.
Disadvantages:
- Operative and maintenance are cost-effective.
- Initial and maintenance cost is high.
Applications:
- This system is designed for outdoor applications in un-electrified rural areas.
- This system is an ideal application for campus and village street lighting
- The solar street light system is an ideal lighting system for roads, yards, residential colonies,township, corporate offices, hospitals educational institutions, and rural electrification.
